Happy New Months friends.
Activities of previous months had kept me away from this blog. There are lots of things to be discussed, lots to be unraveled, lots of testimonies to be told and overall, lots to learn. I will however start this month by sharing a classical essay titled 'I, Pencil' by Leonard E. Read with you.
I'll love to know your comments after reading.
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I, Pencil
My Family Tree as told to Leonard E. Read
RP.1
I am a lead pencil—the ordinary wooden pencil familiar to all boys and girls and adults who can read and write.*
RP.2
Writing is both my vocation and my avocation; that's all I do.
RP.3
You may wonder why I should write a genealogy. Well, to begin with, my
story is interesting. And, next, I am a mystery—more so than a tree or a
sunset or even a flash of lightning. But, sadly, I am taken for
granted by those who use me, as if I were a mere incident and without
background. This supercilious attitude relegates me to the level of the
commonplace. This is a species of the grievous error in which mankind
cannot too long persist without peril. For, the wise G. K. Chesterton
observed, "We are perishing for want of wonder, not for want of
wonders."
RP.4
RP.5
Simple? Yet, not a single person on the face of this earth knows how to make me.
This sounds fantastic, doesn't it? Especially when it is realized that
there are about one and one-half billion of my kind produced in the
U.S.A. each year.
RP.6
Pick me up and look me over. What do you see? Not much meets the
eye—there's some wood, lacquer, the printed labeling, graphite lead, a
bit of metal, and an eraser.
Innumerable Antecedents
RP.7
Just as you cannot trace your family tree back very far, so is it
impossible for me to name and explain all my antecedents. But I would
like to suggest enough of them to impress upon you the richness and
complexity of my background.
RP.8
My family tree begins with what in fact is a tree, a cedar of straight
grain that grows in Northern California and Oregon. Now contemplate all
the saws and trucks and rope and the countless other gear used in
harvesting and carting the cedar logs to the railroad siding. Think of
all the persons and the numberless skills that went into their
fabrication: the mining of ore, the making of steel and its refinement
into saws, axes, motors; the growing of hemp and bringing it through all
the stages to heavy and strong rope; the logging camps with their beds
and mess halls, the cookery and the raising of all the foods. Why,
untold thousands of persons had a hand in every cup of coffee the
loggers drink!
RP.9
The logs are shipped to a mill in San Leandro, California. Can you
imagine the individuals who make flat cars and rails and railroad
engines and who construct and install the communication systems
incidental thereto? These legions are among my antecedents.
RP.10
Consider the millwork in San Leandro. The cedar logs are cut into small,
pencil-length slats less than one-fourth of an inch in thickness. These
are kiln dried and then tinted for the same reason women put rouge on
their faces. People prefer that I look pretty, not a pallid white. The
slats are waxed and kiln dried again. How many skills went into the
making of the tint and the kilns, into supplying the heat, the light and
power, the belts, motors, and all the other things a mill requires?
Sweepers in the mill among my ancestors? Yes, and included are the men
who poured the concrete for the dam of a Pacific Gas & Electric
Company hydroplant which supplies the mill's power!
RP.11
Don't overlook the ancestors present and distant who have a hand in transporting sixty carloads of slats across the nation.
RP.12
Once in the pencil factory—$4,000,000 in machinery and building, all
capital accumulated by thrifty and saving parents of mine—each slat is
given eight grooves by a complex machine, after which another machine
lays leads in every other slat, applies glue, and places another slat
atop—a lead sandwich, so to speak. Seven brothers and I are
mechanically carved from this "wood-clinched" sandwich.
RP.13
My "lead" itself—it contains no lead at all—is complex. The graphite is
mined in Ceylon. Consider these miners and those who make their many
tools and the makers of the paper sacks in which the graphite is shipped
and those who make the string that ties the sacks and those who put
them aboard ships and those who make the ships. Even the lighthouse
keepers along the way assisted in my birth—and the harbor pilots.
RP.14
The graphite is mixed with clay from Mississippi in which ammonium
hydroxide is used in the refining process. Then wetting agents are added
such as sulfonated tallow—animal fats chemically reacted with sulfuric
acid. After passing through numerous machines, the mixture finally
appears as endless extrusions—as from a sausage grinder-cut to size,
dried, and baked for several hours at 1,850 degrees Fahrenheit. To
increase their strength and smoothness the leads are then treated with a
hot mixture which includes candelilla wax from Mexico, paraffin wax,
and hydrogenated natural fats.
RP.15
My cedar receives six coats of lacquer. Do you know all the ingredients
of lacquer? Who would think that the growers of castor beans and the
refiners of castor oil are a part of it? They are. Why, even the
processes by which the lacquer is made a beautiful yellow involve the
skills of more persons than one can enumerate!
RP.16
Observe the labeling. That's a film formed by applying heat to carbon
black mixed with resins. How do you make resins and what, pray, is
carbon black?
RP.17
My bit of metal—the ferrule—is brass. Think of all the persons who mine
zinc and copper and those who have the skills to make shiny sheet brass
from these products of nature. Those black rings on my ferrule are black
nickel. What is black nickel and how is it applied? The complete story
of why the center of my ferrule has no black nickel on it would take
pages to explain.
RP.18
Then there's my crowning glory, inelegantly referred to in the trade as
"the plug," the part man uses to erase the errors he makes with me. An
ingredient called "factice" is what does the erasing. It is a
rubber-like product made by reacting rape-seed oil from the Dutch East
Indies with sulfur chloride. Rubber, contrary to the common notion, is
only for binding purposes. Then, too, there are numerous vulcanizing
and accelerating agents. The pumice comes from Italy; and the pigment
which gives "the plug" its color is cadmium sulfide.
No One Knows
RP.19
Does anyone wish to challenge my earlier assertion that no single person on the face of this earth knows how to make me?
RP.20
Actually, millions of human beings have had a hand in my creation, no
one of whom even knows more than a very few of the others. Now, you may
say that I go too far in relating the picker of a coffee berry in far
off Brazil and food growers elsewhere to my creation; that this is an
extreme position. I shall stand by my claim. There isn't a single
person in all these millions, including the president of the pencil
company, who contributes more than a tiny, infinitesimal bit of
know-how. From the standpoint of know-how the only difference between
the miner of graphite in Ceylon and the logger in Oregon is in the type
of know-how. Neither the miner nor the logger can be dispensed with,
any more than can the chemist at the factory or the worker in the oil
field—paraffin being a by-product of petroleum.
RP.21
Here is an astounding fact: Neither the worker in the oil field nor the
chemist nor the digger of graphite or clay nor any who mans or makes the
ships or trains or trucks nor the one who runs the machine that does
the knurling on my bit of metal nor the president of the company
performs his singular task because he wants me. Each one wants me less,
perhaps, than does a child in the first grade. Indeed, there are some
among this vast multitude who never saw a pencil nor would they know how
to use one. Their motivation is other than me. Perhaps it is
something like this: Each of these millions sees that he can thus
exchange his tiny know-how for the goods and services he needs or wants.
I may or may not be among these items.
No Master Mind
RP.22
There is a fact still more astounding: the absence of a master mind, of
anyone dictating or forcibly directing these countless actions which
bring me into being. No trace of such a person can be found. Instead,
we find the Invisible Hand at work. This is the mystery to which I
earlier referred.
RP.23
It has been said that "only God can make a tree." Why do we agree with
this? Isn't it because we realize that we ourselves could not make one?
Indeed, can we even describe a tree? We cannot, except in superficial
terms. We can say, for instance, that a certain molecular configuration
manifests itself as a tree. But what mind is there among men that
could even record, let alone direct, the constant changes in molecules
that transpire in the life span of a tree? Such a feat is utterly
unthinkable!
RP.24
I, Pencil, am a complex combination of miracles: a tree, zinc, copper,
graphite, and so on. But to these miracles which manifest themselves in
Nature an even more extraordinary miracle has been added: the
configuration of creative human energies—millions of tiny know-hows
configurating naturally and spontaneously in response to human necessity
and desire and in the absence of any human master-minding! Since
only God can make a tree, I insist that only God could make me. Man
can no more direct these millions of know-hows to bring me into being
than he can put molecules together to create a tree.
RP.25
The above is what I meant when writing, "If you can become aware of the
miraculousness which I symbolize, you can help save the freedom mankind
is so unhappily losing." For, if one is aware that these know-hows will
naturally, yes, automatically, arrange themselves into creative and
productive patterns in response to human necessity and demand—that is,
in the absence of governmental or any other coercive masterminding—then
one will possess an absolutely essential ingredient for freedom: a faith in free people. Freedom is impossible without this faith.
RP.26
Once government has had a monopoly of a creative activity such, for
instance, as the delivery of the mails, most individuals will believe
that the mails could not be efficiently delivered by men acting freely.
And here is the reason: Each one acknowledges that he himself doesn't
know how to do all the things incident to mail delivery. He also
recognizes that no other individual could do it. These assumptions are
correct. No individual possesses enough know-how to perform a nation's
mail delivery any more than any individual possesses enough know-how to
make a pencil. Now, in the absence of faith in free people—in the
unawareness that millions of tiny know-hows would naturally and
miraculously form and cooperate to satisfy this necessity—the individual
cannot help but reach the erroneous conclusion that mail can be
delivered only by governmental "master-minding."
Testimony Galore
RP.27
If I, Pencil, were the only item that could offer testimony on what men
and women can accomplish when free to try, then those with little faith
would have a fair case. However, there is testimony galore; it's all
about us and on every hand. Mail delivery is exceedingly simple when
compared, for instance, to the making of an automobile or a calculating
machine or a grain combine or a milling machine or to tens of thousands
of other things. Delivery? Why, in this area where men have been left
free to try, they deliver the human voice around the world in less than
one second; they deliver an event visually and in motion to any person's
home when it is happening; they deliver 150 passengers from Seattle to
Baltimore in less than four hours; they deliver gas from Texas to one's
range or furnace in New York at unbelievably low rates and without
subsidy; they deliver each four pounds of oil from the Persian Gulf to
our Eastern Seaboard—halfway around the world—for less money than the
government charges for delivering a one-ounce letter across the street!
RP.28
The lesson I have to teach is this: Leave all creative energies uninhibited.
Merely organize society to act in harmony with this lesson. Let
society's legal apparatus remove all obstacles the best it can. Permit
these creative know-hows freely to flow. Have faith that free men and
women will respond to the Invisible Hand. This faith will be confirmed.
I, Pencil, seemingly simple though I am, offer the miracle of my
creation as testimony that this is a practical faith, as practical as
the sun, the rain, a cedar tree, the good earth.
RP.29
Leonard E. Read (1898-1983) founded FEE in 1946 and served as its president until his death.Source
"I, Pencil," his most famous essay, was first published in the December 1958 issue of The Freeman. Although a few of the manufacturing details and place names have changed over the past forty years, the principles are unchanged.
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